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Life is a constant journey of change. It touches every aspect of our lives, whether we are ready for it or not. As the days go by, we witness the world around us transform. Buildings rise and fall, landscapes shift, and the people we interact with change as well. Change is an irresistible force. It shapes our world, our experiences, and, most importantly, ourselves.

This constant state of transition offers us new perspectives with every chance. Every person we meet and every experience we go through adds a layer to our understanding of the world. People come into our lives for various reasons, and each one leaves an imprint. Some people inspire us, lifting our spirits and helping us grow. They leave a positive impact that we carry with us.

Others might challenge us or even hurt us, leaving a negative impact. These experiences, while painful, are also valuable. They teach us resilience and strength. They force us to look at the world differently and to adapt. Regardless of the nature of these impacts, each moment shapes and molds us into who we are.

I often find myself resonating with Sheldon. Scared of change? Let me quote him.

Everything is changing, and it’s simply too much. I need to get away and think. – Sheldon

I sometimes wish for things to stay the same. The familiar is comforting; it feels safe. But can we truly avoid change? The answer is no. Change is a part of life that we cannot escape. It is relentless and ever-present, pushing us forward, whether we like it or not.

Today, I was visiting one of my friends. Possibly five or six years ago, I was passing by that street. This street had very few shops. It was quiet and almost forgotten. One thing I remember is that there wasn’t a big fancy bookstall. I always wish there was one.

Years later, upon returning, I found the street transformed. A bookstall that had a warm and inviting ambiance. They had good range of books (English and Tamil). This change was beautiful and unexpected. Let me share a picture.

We like to plan and control our lives. Obviously, the villain, the so called change, disrupts that control. But life is not meant to be static. It is dynamic and ever-changing. Our attempts to resist change often lead to more stress and anxiety. Instead, do we have any option ?

Yes. Accepting change. This might lead to personal growth and happiness. Okay Not happiness, at least mental peace. Lol.

No man steps on the same river twice, for he is not the same man, and the river is not the same. – Heraclitus

This resonates with both the river and the man. We are in a constant state of change. The river flows and shifts, just as we do with our experiences and growth. Each time we encounter something, we are different from the last time. Our perceptions have shifted, and our knowledge has expanded. Our experiences have deepened.

I am not saying that change is always pleasant. No, it is not, but it might lead us to something beautiful.

So, the next time you feel the familiar ground beneath your feet shift, take a deep breath. Remember that change is a force we can’t escape. But it’s also a force that can lead us to incredible destinations. Hoping!

The inevitability of change might be a universal constant. – Sheldon

A special thanks to reader P. for his support of the Random Whys. It holds immense value.

Also, heartfelt gratitude to reader S. for generously gifting two books, “Man’s Search for Meaning” and “Nudge.”

Cheers!

PS: Not a sponsored one.

Thank you for reading ♡!

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Today, I’m steering clear of my usual topics like agriculture, sustainability, climate, movies, or poetry. Yet, I wasn’t ready to research and bring out an article of 1000 to 1500 words. Instead, I’m diving into some deep and somewhat unresolved questions that have been swirling in my mind. As the name suggests, I am going to ask, no write. lol, type! Let me add the ones for which i couldn’t find answers. Here we go!

1. Does free will exist?
2. How does one handle the paradoxes of life?
3. Why is there a need for identity?
4. Is self-awareness bliss or bane?
5. Does the true personality of oneself exist?
6. What changes a person? Is it death or pain or love ?
7. Can acceptance and change go hand in hand? Which precedes what?
8. How does one embrace the different versions of themselves?
9. Why humans have constructed social structures? if its for their own benefit? why does it hurt some?
10. How does one behave after removing all layers of social conditioning? Still a human or an animal?
11. Can he/she live here after removing all the conditioning?
12. What is the difference domesticated animal and the human if being rebellious get punished?
13. Is there any manual for living? if not, why some behaviors are rewarded and some are punished? (Not bring murderers)
14. If humans are shaped by the experiences rewards and punishments, does one have true self?
15. Why does it much of an effort to break a conditioning?
16. What is unconditional love?
17. Why hate is taught?
18. Can all emotions be expressed via words?
19. Which is more painful? love or guilt or regret?
20. Who is more rewarded in this chaotic world? logical or emotional person?
21. Enlightenment, is it true? how does one know? Is it possible to seek
22. How does one learn without any authoritative system?
23. What gives peace? strive for what you want or accepting what you have?
24. Why a baby is given birth without its permission?
25. Is craziness a necessary/sufficient factor to live/light up the soul?
26. Extremists or balanced one?
    
27. Many more

I’m not sure where to find the answers, and I wonder if a single lifetime is enough to discover them. Lol! funny me!

Cheers!

Thank you for reading ♡!

If you know the answers or wanted to have a discussion (share it someone who might know)

Share your thoughts/suggestions at the comment section or mail at

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Yesterday, while scrolling on YouTube, I came across an insightful video. I have never come across his channel, which may be because the algorithm understands that I am not a math lover. I gave it a try since the video was only 12 minutes long. It was from Grant Sanderson, creator of the 3Blue1Brown math channel. I can give this much attention. The video was all about a graduation cremation. I am not sure whether he is the chief guest or something in that video. There was a call for him to deliver the speech. He did say some valuable stuff; maybe that is why he is being called twice.

We have always been told to follow our dreams and work towards our passion. We know these sentences have been the most cliche ever you heard of. But these dreams and passions don’t bring food to your table immediately. Though it was only 12 minutes, it did help me find some answers. I hope it helps you too.

Let me share some of them here.

#Following your dreams

This is something we have heard from everyone, from family and friends to college students. As he says, following our dreams isn’t sufficient. We need to add value to the people around us. I mean positively. Even in one of the interviews with Elon Musk, he would’ve mentioned the same. Do something that adds value to the others. Shift your focus from “What can I gain?” to “How can I make a difference?”. This isn’t about sacrificing your passions; it’s about aligning them with societal needs for a truly meaningful career.

#Action precedes motivation

We see a lot of motivational quotes and videos everywhere, but do we act on them? Waiting for the right motivation is often a big trap. Once you get one, it’s lost within seconds. They say, Motivation is perishable.” You need to act on it before it expires. Take action first. Action creates momentum, which in turn fuels motivation. Engaging in activities regularly helps uncover unexpected passions and opportunities. Atomic habits do help you get better at building habits. Give it a try!

#Time

It is one of the crucial factors that plays a big role. He said, “What’s possible now wasn’t possible ten years ago and might become harder ten years from now.” Maybe we all need to find the relevant answer or think about what we are doing now. Focus on what we can achieve in the present. The timing of our efforts is critical for our growth and success. Unfortunately, we do not live in a static environment.

The world is dynamic, and we need to be flexible and adaptable to changes. This might help us turn the challenges into opportunities. There was something called the plateau of latent potential mentioned in the atomic habits. Often, we work hard without seeing immediate results, leading to frustration. However, true progress is often delayed and happens beneath the surface. The key is to persist through this plateau, knowing that your efforts will eventually pay off.

#Survivorship Bias

One of the important biases that’s spoken much or reached much to the people. It is nothing, but we focus on the subgroup of people who excelled in life, leaving out the rest of the large group. The great alchemists, successful entrepreneurs, and high riskers are often glorified. But we often overlook the narratives of people who struggled yet never succeeded. He did say that timing was also a crucial factor in his growth. The growth of YouTube and the internet all fell into place.

#Initial velocity vector

Let me say what is initial velocity vector. It is a quantity in physics used to describe the speed and direction of an object at the very beginning of its motion. In the same way he encourages people use it as force to drive. Don’t use passion as a final destination, but use it as a fuel to push us forward. This points us in the right direction to move as well.

After watching the video, I surfed about him. His name is Grant Sanderson, and his math YouTube channel is called 3Blue1Brown. Unique channel name credits go to his right eye (blue brown heterochromia). Very impressive videos. OMG, though I am not a math guy, those were amazing. Do check them out. Even for non-math enthusiasts!

So, ditch the “follow your dreams” . Instead, cultivate a passion for making a difference. Explore diverse opportunities with an open mind, and embrace the ever-evolving world. By merging your passions with societal needs and seizing opportunities as they arise, we’ll be well on our way to being successful and impactful in whatever we do.

Cheers!

PS: Not a sponsored one. Trust me!

Thank you for reading ♡!

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As we continue to struggle with the challenges of climate change, food insecurity, and waste management, a promising solution emerges: biochar. This carbon-rich material is produced by heating organic materials like agricultural waste, wood, or manure in an oxygen-limited environment. This offers a unique approach to tackling these pressing issues simultaneously.

Definition

Biochar is defined as a stable form of carbon created by heating organic materials (such as wood, crop residues, and manure) in the absence of oxygen. This process, known as pyrolysis. This converts biomass into a material that can be incorporated into soils to improve their physical and chemical properties.​

Origin

The concept of biochar is rooted in ancient agricultural practices. Although the term “biochar” is relatively modern, the principles behind its use date back centuries.

#Terra Preta Soils: The origin of biochar can be traced back to the Amazon Basin, where ancient civilizations created fertile soils known as Terra Preta (dark earth). These soils were enriched with charcoal, organic matter, and nutrients, making them significantly more productive than surrounding soils​.

#Traditional Practices: Similar practices have been observed in other parts of the world, including Africa and Asia, where burned biomass is added to soils to enhance fertility and sustain agricultural productivity over long periods of time​.

Modern Rediscovery

#Scientific Research: In recent decades, scientific research has rediscovered and validated the benefits of these ancient practices. Modern studies have shown that biochar can improve soil structure, increase water retention, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers​.

#Environmental Benefits: Biochar’s ability to store carbon has also attracted attention in climate change mitigation. By converting biomass into a stable form of carbon and storing it in the soil, biochar can help reduce atmospheric CO2 levels.

Properties of Biochar

Biochar has a highly porous structure, which significantly enhances its ability to retain water and nutrients. Biochar can vary in particle size depending on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. Smaller particle sizes increase surface area but may also affect soil aeration and compaction differently than larger particles​. Biochar is primarily composed of carbon (C), often more than 70% by weight.

Generally, biochar contains small amounts of essential nutrients, but its main benefit is enhancing the soil’s nutrient-holding capacity rather than directly supplying nutrients.​ While biochar is rich in carbon, its nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, or NPK) can vary based on the biomass source. Not all biochar’s are the same.

Biochar Production

It is a thermochemical process called pyrolysis, where biomass is heated in an oxygen-limited environment at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 700°C (572°F to 1292°F). This process decomposes the organic matter and releases volatile compounds. Meanwhile, it leaves behind a highly stable form of carbon known as biochar. It is available as briquettes or granules.

Various types of pyrolysis systems can be used, ranging from simple earth mound kilns to sophisticated industrial-scale reactors. Some of them are:

1. Biochar Retort: Biochar retorts are airtight containers made to externally heat biomass and induce pyrolysis. This method is known for producing high-quality biochar with minimal emissions. The gases released during the process are often collected or burned to sustain the operation. This makes retorts both environmentally and economically advantageous. Retorts are suitable for small-scale and commercial biochar production due to their controlled environment and high yield.
2. Biochar Stove: Biochar stoves, such as Top-Lit Updraft (TLUD) stoves and Anila stoves, serve dual purposes. This produces both heat for cooking and biochar as a byproduct. TLUD stoves create a stratified combustion environment with distinct zones for biomass, flaming pyrolysis, gas combustion, and charcoal combustion. Anila stoves, on the other hand, use concentric cylinders to pyrolyze biomass, with the escaping gases enhancing the cooking flame. These stoves are particularly beneficial in rural and low-income areas, providing an efficient cooking method while producing biochar for soil amendment.
3. Biochar Kiln: Biochar kilns, such as the Kon-Tiki cone kiln, are built for larger-scale biochar production. These kilns create an oxygen-limited environment through a cone-shaped, open-top design. The primary fire burns at the top, and biomass is added gradually. This technique is well-known for producing biochar quickly and cleanly. This makes it perfect for use in communal and agricultural settings.
4. Biochar Oven: Biochar ovens are simple, low-tech devices intended for small-scale biochar production. These ovens are ideal for small farmers and urban gardeners. They can handle a variety of feedstocks, such as agriculture residues and yard waste.

Uses of Biochar

We will explore the simple and practical ways biochar can be used. From improving soil health and growing better crops to cleaning water and managing waste, biochar is a versatile and powerful resource. Let’s explore the various applications of biochar.

#Fuel

In most cases, the biochar is used as a soil amendment rather than a fuel. Coal and charcoal are different from biochar. Coal is a fossil fuel used mainly for energy production and industrial applications. It was formed from ancient plant material over millions of years. It is mainly used for electricity generation and industrial applications due to its high energy density. Whereas charcoal is produced by pyrolyzing wood. It is mainly used as a fuel for cooking and heating.

#Crop yield

Biochar primarily improves nutrient retention and soil structure, indirectly benefiting plant growth. Biochar’s porous structure improves soil aeration, water retention, and microbial habitat, leading to better root development and nutrient uptake. Generally, biochar contains small amounts of essential nutrients, but its main benefit is enhancing the soil’s nutrient-holding capacity rather than directly supplying nutrients​. It is not the same as compost. The compost is rich in nutrients and organic matter, enhancing the soil’s fertility. It also improves microbial activity.

#Soil Remediation

Biochar can trap heavy metals and organic pollutants, reducing their bioavailability and toxicity in contaminated soils. Its large surface area and cation exchange capacity help adsorb contaminants. Because biochar frequently has a high CEC, it can retain vital nutrients and release them gradually to plants. Additionally, the pore sizes range from macropores to micropores, providing an extensive surface area for microbial colonization and nutrient adsorption. Moreover, biochar usually has an alkaline pH, which can help to neutralize acidic soils. The exact pH can vary depending on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions.

#Carbon Sequestration

The high carbon content makes it a stable form of carbon sequestration, contributing to its environmental benefits​. Biochar retains the carbon from biomass, preventing it from decomposing and releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere. When applied to soil, biochar acts as a stable carbon sink. Biochar effectively removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores it in a stable form. This carbon capture makes biochar a valuable tool in the fight against climate change and improving soil health and fertility.

#Water Treatment

Biochar’s porous structure and large surface area make it effective in adsorbing contaminants from water, including heavy metals, pesticides, and organic pollutants. The pore sizes range from macropores to micropores, providing an extensive surface area for microbial colonization and nutrient adsorption. Biochar can also retain nutrients in water, preventing eutrophication in water bodies by capturing excess nitrogen and phosphorus.

#Waste Treatment

Biochar can be used in filtration systems to remove contaminants from wastewater, including organic and inorganic compounds. Biochar can be produced from organic waste materials, converting waste into a valuable product while reducing landfill use and methane emissions from decomposing waste.

How to use?

Obviously, the recommended application rate varies for crops, but a general guideline is to mix biochar with compost or soil at a rate of 5–10% by volume. For specific crops or soil conditions, the rate may be adjusted based on field trials and local recommendations.​ Mixing it with compost or something else, helps to avoid temporary nutrient lock-up, where biochar initially absorbs nutrients from the soil, making them unavailable to plants​. It can be used as top dressing too.

Commercialization and Adoption

While biochar is not yet widespread, its adoption has been growing in recent years. Several countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, China, and Japan, have established biochar companies and startups that produce and market biochar products for agricultural and horticultural applications.

In India, efforts to commercialize and promote the use of biochar are also underway. Research institutions, government initiatives, biochar companies, NGOs, and farmer groups have been working on them.

Challenges and Opportunities

Biochar has many potential uses, but before it can be widely used, a number of challenges must be resolved. These obstacles include the need for standardized production methods, consistent quality control, cost-effective distribution systems, and increased awareness among farmers and policymakers.

However, with ongoing research and development, supportive policies and incentives, and collaborative efforts among stakeholders, biochar has the potential to become a significant contributor to sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation efforts.

Biochar is a comprehensive solution that addresses the critical issues of climate change, soil degradation, and waste management. Biochar, which converts biomass waste into a stable form of carbon, not only reduces carbon emissions but also improves soil health and productivity.

As the world strives for sustainable food production and environmental solutions, biochar represents a promising approach that is consistent with the principles of the circular economy and regenerative agriculture. With continued research, commercialization efforts, and policy support, biochar has the potential to play a critical role in creating a more sustainable and resilient future for agriculture and the environment.

Cheers

Thank you for reading ♡!

If you found this helpful, please give it a thumbs up and share it with anyone who might find it useful!

If you like what you see and wish to support my work, then

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Reference

• Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (Eds.). (2024). Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation. Taylor & Francis.
• Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2015). Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In Biochar for environmental management (pp. 1-13). Routledge.
• Ok, Y. S., Uchimiya, S. M., Chang, S. X., & Bolan, N. (Eds.). (2015). Biochar: Production, characterization, and applications. CRC press.
• Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105, 47-82.

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Being a writer (lol) can feel like a wild ride sometimes! Sometimes, we feel like we’re soaring high, and other times, we hit a rough patch. Recently, I noticed this rollercoaster of emotions when it came to finding movie reviews that got views. At first, I was thrilled to discover new perspectives, but soon enough, I felt like something was missing.

There’s this cool podcast in Tamil called “Vocal Oli” that talks about the life. There was such episode (latest one I guess) called Left/Right. He discusses how, in the olden days, very few artists actually made a living from their art. People who were logical and reasoning got less interest in the arts (Lets explore that later) Only a few people have mastered both. This shows that even for the greats, success wasn’t about instant fame or fortune. It was about the passion for creating something beautiful.

Science tells us a similar story. While some areas of our brain are linked to different skills, like logic and creativity, they actually work together constantly. The left hemisphere, governing language, logic, and mathematics, stands in contrast to the right hemisphere’s dominion over intuition, spatial reasoning, and artistic expression. It is this delicate balance, this dance between the analytical and the creative, that shapes our natural inclinations and talents. I don’t know how far it is true. Some people have conquered both sides.

TBH, confusion got deeper. These thoughts were running through my mind, despite my being occupied with something. Maybe my mind was constantly searching for solutions.

They say, Na, keep doing your work; it might help someone in some way. God Bless Seth Godin!

His mail arrived with a subject line “Success is not an option”.

"In any creative endeavor, it’s possible to define success as the big win, the moment when your dreams match reality. Success is the end of imposter syndrome, stability and finally making it to the other side.

By this definition, it’s clear that success isn’t going to happen. It’s incompatible with the reason you do this work in the first place.

Sure, some projects are going to work. It’s quite likely your reputation will grow and more people will give you the benefit of the doubt.

But a success? Once and for all, through and through?

You can’t have that at the same time you’re the creative person you set out to be"

These words seem simple yet have such deep meaning. He says that success isn’t just about achieving a big win or reaching a point where your dreams become reality. Instead, it’s an ongoing journey. You might have some projects that work out well, and your reputation might grow, but there’s no one moment where you can say, “I’ve made it.” It’s about fully committing to the creative process itself. This idea really bonded with me.

Think about it. Sure, some of you people might have work that is popular, and people will definitely notice you over time. But being creative isn’t like hitting a target. It’s more like a long journey.

Today, let’s focus on creativity. In the world of writing and making things, it’s all about the act of creating itself, not waiting for a big win. Chasing that one big moment might actually stop us from being truly creative.

The real prize is the love of creating and expressing oneself. So keep writing! Keep putting your work out there. The views might go up and down. We might see the big win or not, but the love of creating should be what keeps us going.

Cheers!

Happy Writing!

Thank you for reading ♡!

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Think about one ingredient found in lots of things you use every day, like cookies and shampoo. This ingredient is everywhere because it’s useful and cheap, but making it causes a lot of damage to the environment. This ingredient is called palm oil. It’s great for some things, but it brings up big questions about how we take care of the planet. Let’s explore.

The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) is believed to have originated in West Africa. The fruits (orangish red) have been used for food, fiber, and oil. Palm oil cultivation dates back to 3000 BC in Egypt, where it was used for lamp fuel and in religious ceremonies. Later in the 19th century, palm oil gained widespread commercial significance. Then, it was used in the manufacture of soap, candles, and lubricants.

The global demand for palm oil fuelled its cultivation beyond its native regions. Europeans introduced the oil palm to the Americas (16th century) and Southeast Asia (19th century). Today, Indonesia (59%) and Malaysia (24%) are the world’s largest producers and exporters of palm oil, accounting for approximately 83% of global production. Thailand, Colombia, Nigeria, and Papua New Guinea also contribute to the production.

India produces around 305,000 metric tons (0.4% of global production). In India, palm oil cultivation is concentrated in the southern and northeastern regions. Andhra Pradesh is the primary producer and includes other states such as Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Mizoram, and Tamil Nadu. The Indian government has tried to increase the area by implementing the National Mission on Edible Oils—Oil Palm (NMEO-OP).

Palm cultivation requires specific climatic conditions, including high temperatures, rainfall, and well-drained soils. The oil palm is a perennial crop that can yield fruits for up to 30 years, with peak production occurring between 6 and 10 years after planting. 25–30 tons of fresh fruit bunches per hectare. Have a look at the other requirements here.

As the trees mature, massive bunches of orange-red oil palm fruits emerge. Harvesting is typically done every 10–14 days. It involves skilled workers using sharp tools (a hook) to carefully remove the fruit bunches without damaging the tree.

The fruits are harvested and then processed to separate the pulp from the kernel. The pulp is crushed and heated to extract the crude palm oil, while the kernel is further processed to produce palm kernel oil. This dual output makes the oil palm an exceptionally efficient crop. It yields more oil per hectare than any other vegetable oil crop. This results in affordability for both producers and consumers.

Let me add a YouTube link for palm oil extraction.

Palm oil has several advantages. It is a highly efficient crop. Moreover, it remains stable at high temperatures. It is also versatile, with a high smoke point and a long shelf life, making it suitable for frying and baking. Additionally, palm oil is used in biofuels (Lets explore later), cosmetics, and industrial products.

However, the story of palm oil is not without its dark side. On the health side, increased consumption of palm oil might raise LDL (bad cholesterol) and the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Recently, there was talk in the town regarding the usage of palm oil in Lays, especially in India. If you had followed Food Pharma, you’d have an idea. Indian Lays uses palm oil, which is not used in other countries. They have agreed to reduce and initiated the process of mixing the sunflower and palm oil.

But the most pressing concern is deforestation. To make way for plantations, vast areas of rainforest, particularly in Southeast Asia, are being cleared. This not only destroys ecosystems but also relocates indigenous communities. It also contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.

Let me brief it!

Actually, deforestation releases massive amounts of carbon dioxide stored in trees. These are usually grown over the peatlands. Peatlands are a type of wetlands that are in a waterlogged condition and prevent plants from decaying and forming a peat layer on the surface. They store a good amount of carbon. But clearing and draining peatlands releases significant greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change. Almost responsible for 5% of global anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Have a look at Indonesia’s palm oil production and its harm.

Another issue is labor exploitation. Reports of unethical labor practices, including child labor and inadequate working conditions, have tarnished the palm oil industry’s image. Concerns exist regarding the safety of agricultural chemicals used in plantations, potentially harming not only workers but also surrounding communities and wildlife.

The environmental issues surrounding palm oil have provoked an international outcry. Many countries have enacted laws to combat deforestation and promote sustainable palm oil production. But enforcing these laws is tough, and illegal deforestation still happens. RSPO, and Other Certifications: In response to these concerns, various sustainability initiatives and certification schemes have emerged.

The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) is a prominent organization that has established standards for sustainable palm oil production. Certification through the RSPO shows a commitment to responsible practices, including minimizing deforestation and protecting biodiversity.

Other certification schemes, such as the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) and the Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Agriculture Standard, also aim to promote sustainable practices in the palm oil industry. These initiatives empower consumers to make informed choices by opting for products containing RSPO-certified or similarly accredited palm oil.

The palm oil teaches us how efficient it is yet its impact on nature and people. Even though it’s useful, the way we make it now harms the environment. Deforestation, habitat loss, and greenhouse gas emissions are just a few of the hidden costs associated with palm oil production.

By working together, we can ensure that the palm oil we consume doesn’t come at the expense of our planet’s health. Consumers can make a big difference by asking companies to be clear about where their palm oil comes from. And also picking products with sustainable palm oil certifications. This puts pressure on the industry to do the right thing. Governments and organizations can help by making stricter rules, finding other crops that are better for the environment, and supporting farmers who use sustainable methods.

This doesn’t mean we have to stop using palm oil altogether; it just means we need to use it in a better way. That way, palm oil can be a good thing without hurting our planet. The choice is ours! To continue down the path of unsustainable practices or to forge a new course towards a future.

Cheers!

Thank you for reading ♡!

If you found this helpful, please give it a thumbs up and share it with anyone who might find it useful!

If you like what you see and wish to support my work, then

Share your thoughts/suggestions at the comment section or mail at

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Plastic. It all began in the 19th century with a marvel of modern science. This seemingly miraculous invention. Durable and convenient, it seemed like a dream come true.

Little did we know, this dream would turn into a nightmare as plastic production exploded in the 20th century. It’s everywhere. From the pristine peaks of Mount Everest to the deepest trenches of the Mariana Trench, the problem is undeniable. This seemingly indestructible material, once celebrated as a marvel, has now become an environmental nightmare.

History

Plastics have a rich and complex history. In 1862, Alexander Parkes patented Parkesine, the first man-made plastic, crafted from cellulose nitrate and camphor. In the 1920s, Cellophane, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene were created. Then, in 1933, Polyethylene, which is widely used today, was discovered by accident by Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson. Nylon, the first synthetic fiber, came about in 1935, thanks to Wallace Carothers. Fast forward to 1941, and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), used in plastic bottles and fibers, was patented by John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson.

In 1954, Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta developed a way to make polyethylene and polypropylene with high molecular weights, making them widely available. By the 1960s, plastics were being used everywhere, from consumer products to packaging and construction materials. However, by the 1970s, concerns about plastic waste and pollution began to surface.

Present

Every year, we make around 400 million tons of plastic trash. If things keep going like they have, experts think we’ll make over 1,100 million tons of new plastic by 2050. Out of all the plastic waste we’ve made so far, only less than 10% gets recycled.

Most of it ends up in the environment, like our oceans, where it doesn’t belong. Right now, there’s estimated to be between 75 and 199 million tons of plastic floating around in our oceans, and that could jump to 23–37 million tons every year by 2040.

Fungi, Microbes, and Others

Thankfully, nature has a secret weapon for keeping things clean: an invisible janitorial crew composed of fungi and microorganisms. These tiny powerhouses play a crucial role in decomposition, the process by which dead organic matter is broken down and returned to the environment as nutrients. Without these tireless decomposers, our planet would be a cluttered mess. They not only keep things clean but also ensure a constant supply of nutrients for healthy ecosystems.

Fungi, especially because they can break down almost anything. They do this by making strong enzymes that break things down into simple parts they can eat. While they usually break down stuff like wood, they can also munch on things like carpets, furniture, and even plastic. Some studies show that certain fungi might even be able to break down tough chemicals called PFAS, but we’re still learning about it. Researchers think that some of the plastic we can’t find in the ocean might have been broken down by marine fungi.

Ideonella sakaiensis

Scientists in Japan made a big discovery. They found a special bacteria called Ideonella sakaiensis that can break down a common plastic called PET, which is used in things like bottles and containers. This bacteria has two important helpers: PETase and MHETase, which help break down the plastic into smaller parts that the bacteria can use for food and energy. In lab tests, Ideonella sakaiensis was able to break down a thin PET plastic film in just 42 days (6 weeks).

Pestalotiopsis microspora

Pestalotiopsis microspora an endophytic fungus. That’s really good at breaking down a plastic called Polyurethane (PU), which is both areobic and anaerobic. In just 30 days, it can break down more than 90% of the PU, even without any special treatment. Scientists are still figuring out exactly how this fungus does it, but they think it might have something to do with the special enzymes it produces. These enzymes could be breaking the plastic into smaller pieces, making it easier for the fungus to break down and turn into simpler stuff.

Oyster Mushroom

The oyster mushroom, a common mushroom you might find at the grocery store, is also great at breaking down plastic. The cool thing is that oyster mushrooms are easy to grow, so we could have huge farms dedicated to using them to get rid of plastic waste! Scientists found that the edible oyster mushroom can degrade oxo-biodegradable polyethylene and cigrattee butts. Interesting! May be, It will be mixed with compost? Not sure!

Aspergillus tubingensis

This fungus can break down LDPE, a common plastic. In lab tests, Aspergillus tubingensis broke down LDPE films by about 9.4% in 120 days. It makes enzymes like laccase, lipase, and esterase, which help break down plastics. Unlike some other organisms, it doesn’t need to be treated with plastic first. This means it could be really useful in the future. But we still need to study it more to know for sure.

Aspergillus terreus and Engyodontium album

These fungi took 90 days to break down 27% of the plastic they were tested on and about 140 days to completely break it down after it was treated with ultraviolet rays or heat. They first treated polypropylene with ultraviolet light, heat, or Fenton’s reagent (a mix of hydrogen peroxide and iron), then applied the fungi separately in a petri dish. They used microscopes to check if the plastic was breaking down.

#Marine Fungi

Marine fungi, even though we don’t know a lot about them yet, are really important in the ocean. Recent studies have shown that fungi like Aspergillus and Cladosporium can live on plastic floating in the ocean and might be able to break it down. I am not sure how they do it, but finding them on plastic suggests they might be helping to get rid of it. If we can figure out how to use the plastic-breaking power of marine fungi, it could help us deal with all the plastic in the ocean. But we need to study them more to understand exactly how they work and how we can use them to tackle ocean plastic pollution.

Zophobas morio

Guess what? Even insects are joining the fight against plastic! A larva named Zophobas morio. These are called as Superworm. These little larvae love to eat polystyrene foam, and they’re really good at it. In just three weeks, they can eat up an impressive 60% of the plastic. Scientists think they do it by using a special enzyme in their stomachs.

It’s hard to understand how these organisms break down plastic. Scientists are studying the enzymes, pathways, and processes they use. Figuring this out is important for making the process better and maybe even creating better plastic-eating organisms or tools inspired by nature.

Making the plastic breakdown process work on a large scale with the help of these organisms is quite hard. Even though labs showed these organisms can do it, making it work for big businesses needs to think about cost, how well it works, and if it’s good for the environment.

As we learn more about these amazing organisms, we see how diverse and strong nature is. These organisms show us that life can adapt and change, even when we create problems like plastic waste. By using these tiny ones, we can make a better future where plastic isn’t a problem anymore. Lets hope for the best!!!

Cheers!

Thank you for reading ♡!

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Anyone else ever get sucked into a social media black hole? You spend what feels like hours consuming content, but you can’t recall a single detail afterwards. It’s hard to deny the difference after spending too long scrolling. Maybe you’ve experienced it too, or maybe not. But I just wanted to bring up something that might resonate with many of you.

We’ve all noticed how our attention spans seem to be dwindling, right? It’s a constant battle for our attention. Everyone is vying for our attention. Working so hard to snag our attention in just a few seconds.

Think about it: When you’re mindlessly scrolling, how long does it take to swipe to the next thing? About 7 or 8 seconds, right? And if it really catches your interest, maybe you’ll watch for about 30 seconds. But let’s be real for a second. How many IG reels or YT shorts actually hold our attention for more than a couple of minutes? Very few!

Those things loads us with heck of an information. But how much of it actually sticks? In those first 15 seconds, you’re hit with a wave of content, and then it’s onto the next thing. Thanks to algorithms, it’s all random, making it hard to remember what you’ve seen.

Last week, I found myself in this exact situation. Stuck in a mindless scrolling loop on Instagram? Sure, I saw some interesting stuff too. Marketing tips, ocean clean-up efforts, even a TED Talk snippet and many more. But none of it truly stuck.

Scrolling isn’t bad either, but it can affect your ability to recollect information. So scroll, when you have to kill the time with something.

So, I decided to change things up and reintroduce a habit: reading before bed. Maybe it was inspired by a movie (Perfect Days) I watched or just a desire to reignite my love for books.

Either way, I picked up a book I’d read before and committed to reading for 15 to 20 minutes each night.

Even then, distractions crept in. It wasn’t perfect. The urge to jump on Twitter or research something mentioned in the book was strong. But gradually, I am improving my focus.

Here’s the takeaway! Especially for fellow writers or anyone trying to gather their thoughts. Read, Read and Read. The more you read, the clearer your ideas become.

If you don’t have time to read, you don’t have the time (or the tools) to write. Simple as that. – Stephen King

Ultimately, the foundation for writing lies in reading. I recall a tweet (though I can’t remember the source, whether it was Sam Altman or someone else). It was about the importance of deep knowledge to condense a topic into a short video.

This makes perfect sense. If you want to create a 30-second reel on any topic, you need to understand its basics. Whether you’re crafting a 30-second reel or writing an article, understanding the subject matter is key. It all starts with reading.

So, let’s add “read more” to our writing toolbox! It’s a simple tip, but easily forgotten amidst the chaos of our daily lives.

Cheers!

Happy reading, and happy writing!

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Imagine you have a big field where you can play and run around. Now, what if we could set up something in that field that could give us electricity to power our fields, homes, schools, and even charge our phones and laptops?

No, it’s not typical electricity production, but rather something that’s more sustainable and innovative.

Those are called solar panels. They are made of a material that can take energy from the sun’s rays. When the sun shines on these solar panels during the day, they can create electricity.

Solar Panels and Basics

Solar panels are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They’re made up of many individual solar cells, which are like tiny factories that use sunlight to create electricity. These cells are constructed from special materials, with the most common option being silicon. However, other materials are used as well, such as cadmium telluride and copper indium gallium selenide.

There are two main types of solar panels made from silicon, the most common material used. The first kind is called monocrystalline. These panels are made from a single, large crystal of silicon and are generally considered more efficient at converting sunlight into electricity. However, they can be more expensive to produce.

The second type is called polycrystalline. These panels are made from many smaller silicon crystals melted together. They are typically less expensive than monocrystalline panels, but they may convert sunlight into electricity slightly less efficiently.

Another type of solar panel uses thin layers of a special light-sensitive material instead of silicon. These are called thin-film solar panels. They aren’t quite as good at converting sunlight into electricity as the more common silicon panels, but they have some advantages. They can be more flexible and lightweight. Mostly used as building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) or portable solar chargers.

Working of Solar Panels

When photons from sunlight strike the solar cell, they impart energy to the semiconductor material, exciting electrons and creating electron-hole pairs. The built-in electric field within the solar cell separates these electron-hole pairs. (It creates an imbalance by pushing something tiny (like really tiny!) inside the material to move in a specific direction.) This generates a flow of electrons, which constitutes an electrical current. (Similar to how a battery works!) This phenomenon is known as the photovoltaic effect.

Individual solar cells are grouped together into small boxes called modules. These modules are then connected to form even larger groups called arrays. Then, they are combined to form a complete solar PV system. These arrays are usually mounted on frames or racks, sometimes on special stands that can move.

Agrivoltaics

It is a combination of agriculture and solar power on the same land. Each country has different and revised definitions for the Agrivoltaics. It is given by the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) as “Agricultural photovoltaics (Agrivoltaics) is the combined use of one and the same area of land for agricultural production as the primary use and for electricity production by means of a PV system as a secondary use.”

It involves installing solar panels on elevated structures over pastures or crops, allowing sheep (mostly) or goats to graze, and aquaculture underneath. It involves the installation of solar panels on agricultural lands, creating a dual-use system that maximizes land productivity while generating clean electricity.

Types & Variations

#Overhead solar PV: This is the most common setup. Solar panels are mounted on elevated structures, allowing crops or animals to grow underneath.

#Interspace PV: Solar panels are spaced out further apart, leaving more room for plants or animals to thrive in between.

#Vertical Solar Panels: While most solar panels are laid flat on the ground or tilted at an angle, some Agrivoltaics systems might use vertical panels. These panels stand upright, which can be a good option in some situations.

There are three main types of stands:

#Fixed: These stands don’t move at all. They’re simple and affordable, but they might not capture the most sunlight throughout the day.

#One-way adjustable: These stands can tilt up and down to follow the sun’s seasonal movement. This helps them catch more sunlight, especially in winter when the sun is lower in the sky.

#Two-way adjustable: These stands can tilt up and down and also rotate from east to west. This allows them to follow the sun throughout the day, catching the most sunlight possible. They’re the most efficient option but also the most expensive.

Implementation

We’ll need to put up tall structures, like big poles or frames. On top of these structures, we’ll place the solar panels. These panels will be facing the sun so that they can catch as much sunlight as possible. The elevated design of the solar PV arrays is a key feature of solar grazing systems. The height and spacing of the arrays are carefully engineered to allow sufficient clearance for agricultural activities to take place underneath.

Let’s understand with an example.

Area: 100m * 100m (total: 10,000 m2). (Without spacing)

Panel size: 2m * 1m (2 m2).

Output per panel: 250W to 450W (Let’s take 300W – 0.3KW)

Average Solar Irradiance: 5 KWh/m² (differs depending on location)

Panel efficiency: 20%

Derating Factor = 0.8 (Dust, weather phenomena, temperature variations, etc.)

Calculation

Total number of panels = Total area/area of panels = 10000/2 = 5000 panels (not considering the space)

Total installed capacity = Total number of solar panels Output per panel = 50000. 3KW = 1500KW

Energy Generated

Energy generated = Total installed capacity average Solar radiance Panel Efficiency * Derating Factor

= 1500 5 0.20 *0.8

= 1200 KW/day

= 4,38,000KW/year

Countries

Countries like China, Japan, Germany, Italy, and France are advancing in the area of agrivoltaics. While in India, there are multiple projects going on in the areas of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Delhi, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, etc. Here are some of the insights and outcomes of those projects[1].  

Benefits

#Double Duty from Land: Agrivoltaics lets farmers get more out of their land. By putting solar panels overhead, they can still grow crops or raise animals’ underneath, like a two-in-one system!

#Sun Power for a Greener Future: Solar panels use the sun’s clean energy, so farmers rely less on fossil fuels that pollute the air. This helps fight climate change and keeps the environment healthier. Plus, the shade from the panels can improve soil health and provide a haven for wildlife.

#More Income for Farms: With Agrivoltaics, farmers can lease space on their land to companies that install solar panels. This creates a new income stream, making farms more financially secure, especially in areas where weather or prices can be unpredictable.

#Stronger Energy System: Solar panels spread out power generation, reducing reliance on big power plants and imported fuels. This makes the energy system more reliable, especially in remote areas where electricity might be scarce.

#Happy and Healthy Animals: The shade from solar panels keeps animals cool and comfortable, especially in hot climates. This can also protect them from harsh weather like hail or heavy rain. Vertical panels can act like walls, providing extra shelter.

#Protection for Crops: The panels can act like a shield, safeguarding crops from damaging hail or strong winds. They can also help reduce dust blowing onto the panels, keeping them clean and efficient.

Challenges to Consider

#Room for Machinery: The support structures for the solar panels can make it trickier to use big farm equipment. This might mean more manual labor, which can increase costs.

#Keeping the Panels Clean: Since the panels are high up, cleaning them can be difficult. Dirty panels don’t work as well, so there’s a balance to strike.

#Upfront Costs: Setting up an Agrivoltaics system can be expensive, especially for small farmers.

Agrivoltaics is a win-win for farms and the environment. It unlocks clean energy generation while preserving agricultural land use. Challenges exist, but ongoing advancements in India show promise for a sustainable future where farms flourish as powerhouses of both food and clean energy. Lets look forward!

Cheers!

PS: Wow, this is a monster one!

Thank you for reading ♡! If you found this helpful, please give it a thumbs up and share it with anyone who might find it useful!

If you like what you see and wish to support my work, then

Suggestions/mistakes are most welcomed!

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Reference

1. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). (2023, May). Agrivoltaics in India: Challenges and Opportunities for Scale-Up. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/2023-05/agrivoltaics-in-india.pdf
2. Pulipaka, S., & Peparthy, M. (2021). Agrivoltaics in India: An Overview of Operational Projects and Relevant Policies National Solar Energy Federation of India. https://www.energyforum.in/fileadmin/user_upload/india/media_elements/Photos_And_Gallery/20201210_SmarterE_AgroPV/20201212_NSEFI_on_AgriPV_in_India__1_.pdf
3. Trommsdorff, M., Gruber, S., Keinath, T., Hopf, M., Hermann, C., Schönberger, F., Högy, P., Zikeli, S., Ehmann, A., Weselek, A., Bodmer, U., Rösch, C., Ketzer, D., Weinberger, N., & Vollprecht, J. (2022). Agrivoltaics: Opportunities for Agriculture and the Energy Transition Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE. https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/documents/publications/studies/APV-Guideline.pdf
4. Wall article
5. More Notes

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